By Mauri Yambo
Scholars in all fields, from Anthropology and Archaeology to Zen Philosophy and Zoology, face one permanent challenge: to demonstrate that their knowledge claims, or proposed research projects, add value to the extant bodies of knowledge in their respective fields or generally. The terminology of this challenge is typically in the form of the the question: How will it [or how does it] contribute to knowledge?
The thing that knows is, of course, the brain; but it is lodged in the human body – and here likewise projected on generic paper. The thing that is known, the being of knowledge, is in turn lodged in a body of knowledge – or is itself such a body. In a way, a body of knowledge is a disciplinary or sub-disciplinary field – a field of specialization, a field of particular attention.
Disciplines and sub-disciplines (and therefore bodies of knowledge) represent a fusion of “facts” (including Sociologists' social facts), theories and methods – the last two being explicit or implicit. Often enough, disciplines evolve into professions, in terms of which the fusion is compounded by the introduction of sets of practices underpinned by codes of CONDUCT and by SOP (Standard Operating Procedures) – underpinned by what Sociologists broadly label norms. Presently, we will see that intra-disciplinary debates/controversies are a fifth dimension along which sub-disciplines can evolve in terms of the bodies of knowledge which they represent.
There are many fields and sub-fields in Sociology, as we will see presently. But first, let us remind ourselves that Sociology is a science of society – of human (individual and group) interaction in society.
– Interaction involves at least two people or two groups.
– Interaction is interactivity – individual activities or acts interrogating and influencing each other
– Interaction is “exchange” or reflexivity of real/actual behaviours/acts (or of the meanings of such behaviours/acts).
– Interaction is co-activity.
Behaviours that are frequently repeated or which regularly occur (which recur) become habits. Goffman talks of habituation, Bourdieu of habitus.
Habits (such as man and woman living together, or two people/traders regularly exchanging goods) often evolve, or are packaged by sociologists and other observers, into institutions – such as the family or the economy. And institutions are a (if not the) key foundation of social structure – and therefore society. That whole process can be depicted as follows:
Individual Acts >> Habits >> Interaction >> Institutions >> Social Structure >> Society.
However, many sociologists (particularly conflict theorists) insist that the basic orientation of human society is toward change and conflict, not the stability implicit in the notion of structure – and which is in fact “characteristic” (the hallmark) of the structural-functional perspective. Though they may deny it, however, many conflict theorists subscribe, in a “subliminal” way (inescapably) to some form of “functionalism.”
All of the foregoing serves as the foundation of sociological knowledge. Even within Sociology, however, it is legitimate to talk of bodies of knowledge, and to acknowledge that some of these bodies of sociological knowledge are the product of raging, continuing or intermittent debates within the discipline.
There are as many bodies of knowledge in sociology as there are fields and sub-fields, including the following 45 (or their variations, as some clearly overlap):
– Adolescent Behaviour
– Criminology [or Crime and Delinquency]
– Collective Behaviour and Social Movements
– Community [or Community Development]
– Cultural Sociology [Cultural Lag, Culture Shock, Culture Change, Counter-Culture, Culture Trait, Cultural Universals, Ethnocentrism, Hybridity, Identity, Norms, Otherness, Sub-Culture, Symbols, Technology, Values]
– Demography
– Deviant Behaviour
– Economic Sociology [or Economy and Society]
– Formal Organization
– Gerontology [or Sociology of Ageing]
– Gender Sociology [or Human Sexuality]
– Historical Sociology
– Human Ecology
– Human Relations
– Industrial Sociology [or Sociology of Work and Industry]
– Labour-Management Relations
– Law and Society
– Mathematical Sociology
– Medical Sociology [or Health and Society]
– Methodology [or Sociological Methods, or Methods of Social Investigation or Q/QRM]
– Marriage and the Family [or Sociology of the Family]
– Political Sociology
– Rural Sociology [or Rural Societies]
– Race and Ethnic Relations
– Social Change and Development
– Social Organization
– Social Systems
– Social Psychology
– Social Stratification and Social Class
– Social Mobility
– Social Exchange [May be part of “Community”]
– Socialization
– Social Groups and Social Institutions
– Social Theory
– Sociology of Developing Areas
– Sociology of Education
– Sociology of the Family [which we have mentioned above]
– Sociology of Knowledge
– Sociology of Human Communication [or Sociology of Mass Communication]
– Sociology of Human Service Delivery Systems
– Sociology of Religion
– Sociology of the Professions
– Sociology of Leisure and Sports
– Sociology of Science
– Urban Sociology [or Urban Social structures] [45]
In another post I will say something about bodies of nursing knowledge; that is, the totality of sets of knowledge which different cadres of nurses, charged with the responsibility of taking so much care of the total human body, are supposed to know in today’s world. Why nurses at this juncture? Why not? It is a random choice.
Wednesday, January 17, 2007
Tuesday, January 16, 2007
CSO598: Comparative Emergency Management
UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY
CSO 598: COMPARATIVE EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT
LECTURER: Prof. Mauri Yambo SEMESTER: January-May 2007
COURSE OUTLINE
COURSE OBJECTIVES
To underscore the power of the comparative method as a tool for distilling important emergency management lessons from a variety of sources, and to outline what those lessons are at present.
COURSE DESCRIPTION/CONTENT
Detailed study of the experiences of a selection of countries which have dealt with major emergency challenges, for example: Algeria, China, Egypt, Ethiopia, Great Britain, India, Indonesia, Israel, Japan, Kenya, Liberia, Mexico, Nigeria, the Philippines, Somalia, South Africa, former Soviet Union, Sudan, Rwanda, and USA. Identification, comparative analysis and synthesis of the fundamental management structures and practices that have in the process evolved; and an assessment of their potential for adoption in other situations or countries. Focus on such issues as the proper role of central and local governments or civil society in disaster management; the balance between prevention and control, on the one hand, and post-disaster response/relief and disaster rehabilitation, on the other; the apportionment of response and recovery/rehabilitation costs among national and international stakeholders; optimization strategies for stakeholder coordination; research needs for improved management practice in future in the areas of: prevention, control, relief and rehabilitation; and public awareness and education strategies. 1 unit.
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I. KEY CONCEPTS; SELECTED THEORIES AND MODELS
I.1. Key Concepts:
Emergency/Disaster, Management, Risk, Trust, Security, Expert Systems, Vulnerability, Resilience, Chaos, Direction, Control, Prevention, Mitigation.
I.2. Selected Theories and Models:
– Risk Theory; SWOT Analysis
– Chaos Theory
– Toward a General Control Model.
– Approaches To Managing Environmental Disturbances: Influencing, Anticipating (Forecasting and Built-In Variety) and Accommodating
– Ashby’s Law of Requisite Variety.
II. EMERGENCY/DISASTER MANAGEMENT: PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES
– Fundamentals of Management: Manager's Role, Management Principles and Functions.
– Principles of Emergency/Disaster Management
III. DIRECTION AND CONTROL IN EMERGENCY/DISASTER SITUATIONS
– Direction and Control Dynamics
– Designs for Incident Management [The Incident Command System (ICS)]:
– Emergency Management Group (EMG)
– Emergency Operations Centre (EOC)
– Incident Commander or Coordinator (IC)
– Emergency Response Teams (ERTs): Configured as Required
– Public and Private Response Agencies/Institutions, Groups and Facilities.
– Coordinating Internal and External Responses.
IV. MANAGEMENT OF HAZARD-SPECIFIC INFORMATION AND INFORMATION RESOURCES
– Designs for Emergency Information and Communication:
– Data/Intelligence-gathering Modalities
– Data/Intelligence-processing and Sharing Protocols and Challenges
– Right To Know and Need To Know Considerations.
V. LIFE SAFETY AND PROTECTION DURING EMERGENCIES/ DISASTERS
– Managing Preparedness: At the Family, Community and National Levels
– Models of Response/Relief:
– Evacuation: Plans, Routes, Exits and Processes
– Alternative Shelter, Site Administration, Headcounts
– Food Relief, Emergency Healthcare and other Emergency Provisions
– The Safety of Evacuees, Emergency Response Teams and Returnees.
– Elements of Occupational Safety and Health.
VI. PROPERTY PROTECTION IN EMERGENCY/DISASTER SITUATIONS
– Protection [Mitigation] Systems and Strategies: Building Codes; Warning Systems, Surveillance; Insurance; Codes of Ethics; Manufacturing, Packaging and Disposal Standards; etc.
– Emergency Hazard-Response and Recovery Models and Capacities: Shutdown, Evacuation and Security Procedures; Fire Service; Credit; Forensic Investigation; Relocation; Reconstruction; etc.
– Records and Archives Management Systems: Computer-based data banking and back-up systems, Kodak’s Document Imaging System, and data storage/trawling on the Web.
– Business Impact Analysis: Principles and Methodology, Impact on Individual Businesses, Impact on the Business Environment.
VII. VULNERABILITY AND RESILIENCE
– Conceptual and Methodological Issues
– Vulnerability Analysis in Comparative Perspective
– Resilience Models and Recovery Operations.
VIII. COMMUNITY OUTREACH
– Community Resources for Emergency Management
– Management Strategies for Community Involvement
– Relations With the Media.
IX. APPROACHES TO DISASTER/EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT: OTHER CASE-STUDIES AND COMPARISONS
– National Disaster Operations Centre, and National Environmental Management Authority – Kenya
– Genocide in Rwanda and the Darfur Province of Sudan
– FEMA and the Department of Homeland Security, USA: 9/11 and Hurricane Katrina.
– UNHCR and UNICEF.
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READING LIST
I. KEY CONCEPTS; SELECTED THEORIES AND MODELS
Burnes, Bernard. 2000. Managing Change: a Strategic Approach to Organisational Dynamics. London: Financial Times Prentice Hall [See comments on Chaos Theory] Par. HD 58.8 B882. 2000
Encarta Encyclopedia Article Titled "Chaos Theory"
[http://encarta.msn.com/find/Concise.asp?ti=04EB8000]
Encarta Encyclopedia Article Titles "Fractal"
[http://encarta.msn.com/find/Concise.asp?z=1&pg=2&ti=761568021 ]
Giddens, Anthony. 1991. The Consequences of Modernity. Cambridge: Polity Press.
[See Sections I and IV for a discussion of Risk, Danger and Trust]
Harry, Mike. 2001. Business Information: A Systems Approach. Third edition. Edinburgh Gate:Pearson Education Limited. [Very useful insights on managing environmental disturbances, with reference to forecasting, built-in variety and accommodation (see pp. 2001: 120-131); and Ashby’s Law of Requisite Variety (2001: 141-143); and has some remarks on decision support systems] LKL Par HF 5548 .2 .H378 2001
Koehler, Gus A. (Ed). 1995. "What Disaster Response Management Can Learn From Chaos Theory". Conference Proceedings. May 18-19, 1995 (Handout)
Mol, Arthur P.J. and Gert Spaargaren. 1993. "Environment, Modernity and the Risk-Society: The Apocalyptic Horizon of Environmental Reform," pp. 431-459, in International Sociology. Vol. 8, No. 4, December 1993
Office of the United Nations Disaster Relief Coordinator. 1984. Disaster Prevention and Mitigation: A Compendium of Current Knowledge. Volume 11: Preparedness Aspects. New York: United Nations. [ See especially material on Evacuation, pp. 73-83]
Reed, Sheila. 1992. Introduction to Hazards. 1st Edition. New York?: UNDP Disaster
Management Training Programme.
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 2000. Handbook for Emergencies. 2nd Edition. UNHCR [The creative reader will find the whole book very useful]
Wallace, William A and Frank De Balogh. 1985. "Decision Support for Disaster Management," pp. 134-146, in William J Petak ed. 1985. Emergency Management: A Challenge for Public Administration. PAR Vol 45, Jan 1985
II. EMERGENCY/DISASTER MANAGEMENT: PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES
American Society for Industrial Security (ASIS). 1994. Emergency Planning Handbook. [ See especially Appendix C: Major Planning Considerations (Read and reflect upon material on Communications, Alerting and Warning, Facility Shutdown, Evacuation and Shelter) and Appendix D: Scenario Development Guidance]
Blaikie, Piers, Terry Cannon, Ian Davis and Ben Wisner. 1994. At Risk: Natural Hazards,
People's Vulnerability, and Disasters. London: Routledge.
Burnes, Bernard. 2000. Managing Change: a Strategic Approach to Organisational Dynamics.
London: Financial Times Prentice Hall. [See especially chapter 14: Management Roles and Responsibilities, pp. 483-509] [Par. HD 58.8 B882. 2000]
Davidoff, Paul and Thomas Reiner, "A Choice Theory of Planning" in Andreas Faludi, ed. 1973. A Reader in Planning Theory. Oxford: Pergamon Press (pp.11-44)
Faludi, Andreas, ed. 1973. A Reader in Planning Theory. Oxford: Pergamon Press. [HT 391 .F27]
ICRC. 2001. Psychological Support: Best Practices from Red Cross and Red Crescent
Programmes.
Kast, Fremont E. and James E. Rosenzweig. 1974. Organization and Management: A Systems Approach. 2nd Edition. Tokyo: McGraw-Hill Kogakusha.
Koontz, Harold and Cyril O'Donnell. 1976. Management: A Systems and Contingency Analysis of Management Functions. 6th Edition. Tokyo: McGraw-Hill Kogakusha. [Read especially pp. 69-74, on the functions of the manager; pp. 99-123 on comparative management; and pp. 125-156 on planning]
Massie, Joseph L. 1979. Essentials of Management. Third Edition. New Delhi: Prentice-Hall of India. [Read pages 51-105 for an extensive "mainstream" account of management functions.]
Petak, William J., Ed. 1983. Emergency Management: A Challenge for Public Administration.
Public Administration Review. Vol 45, Special Issue, January 1983.
Republic of Kenya. 2000. Kenya National HIV/AIDS Strategic Plan, 2000-2005. Nairobi: National Aids Control Council (Office of the President).
Republic of Kenya. 2001. National Policy on Disaster Management. Revised Draft. Nairobi: Office of the President.
Senge, Peter M. 1994. The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization. New York: Currency Doubleday.
Senge, Peter M., et al. 1994. The Fifth Discipline Fieldbook: Strategies and Tools for Building a Learning Organization. New York: Currency Doubleday.
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 2000. Handbook for Emergencies. 2nd Edition. UNHCR [Read pp. 29-33 on Emergency Management, and pp. 50-54 on Operations Planning)]
Walker, Peter. 1989. Famine Early Warning Systems: Victims and Destination. London:
Earthscan Publications.
www.fema.gov/library/biz2.htm
III. DIRECTION AND CONTROL IN EMERGENCY/DISASTER SITUATIONS
American Society for Industrial Security (ASIS). 1994. Emergency Planning Handbook. ASIS. [See Chapter 4 (pp. 37-46): Continuity of Operations/Incident Management]
Erickson, Paul A. 1999. Emergency Response Planning for Corporate Municipal Managers. San Diego: Academic Press. [See Chapter 4 (pp. 82-102) for a discussion of Incident Command Systems under different jurisdictional authorities].
Lucey, Terry. 1997. Management Information Systems. 8th Edition. London: Letts Educational [See Chapter 12 (pp. 152-167): Elements of Control; and Chapter 13 (pp. 167-185): Control in Organizations]
Senge, Peter M. 1994. The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization. New York: Currency Doubleday. [See Chapter 14 (287-301) on localness -- or "how to achieve control without controlling"]
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 2000. Handbook for Emergencies. 2nd Edition. UNHCR [Read pp. 29-33 on Emergency Management, and pp. 50-54 on Operations Planning)]
www.fema.gov/library/biz2.htm
IV. MANAGEMENT OF HAZARD-SPECIFIC INFORMATION AND INFORMATION RESOURCES
Comfort, Louise K. 1985. "Integrating Organizational Action in Emergency Management; Strategies for Change," pp. 155-164, in Public Administration Review, Vol. 45, Special Issue, January 1985. [Read carefully the writer's ideas about "Making Optimal Decisions" during emergencies, and the centrality of the concept "Concurrent Information Search Processes" in all that]
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). 1990. Risk Analysis: Student Manual. FEMA:
National Emergency Training Center [Read about SARA]
FEMA "Emergency Management Guide for Business and Industry: Section 3 -- Hazard-Specific Information". [Available at: http://www.fema.gov/library/biz3.htm]
Lindgren, Gary F. 1983. Guide to Managing Industrial Hazardous Waste. Boston: Butterworths (Ann Arbor Science Imprint) [See Section 1: Basics (pp. 3-50); and Section 4: Selected Considerations in Implementing a Hazardous Waste Management Program (pp. 173-228)].
Perry, Ronald W. and Joanne M. Nigg. 1985. "Emergency Management Strategies for
Communicating Hazard Information" (pp. 72-77) in Public Administration Review, Vol. 45, Special Issue, January 1985.
Scanlon, Joseph et al.. 1985. "Coping With the Media in Disasters: Some Predictable Problems.", pp. 123-133, in Public Administration Review, Vol. 45, Special Issue, January 1985.
Wallace, William A. and Frank De Balogh. 1985. "Decision Support Systems for Disaster Management," pp. 134-146, in Public Administration Review, Vol. 45, Special Issue, January 1985.
V. LIFE SAFETY AND PROTECTION DURING EMERGENCIES/ DISASTERS
Kearny, Cresson. 1999. Nuclear War Survival Skills. [ A free 280-page book available on-line at http://www.ki4u.com/free_books/s73p915.htm; see especially "Chapter 4: Evacuation". The chapter has a good "Evacuation Checklist" specifying many needed survival items]
Lindgren, Gary F. 1983. Guide to Managing Industrial Hazardous Waste. Boston: Butterworths (Ann Arbor Science Imprint) [See Section 1: Basics (pp. 3-50); and Section 4: Selected Considerations in Implementing a Hazardous Waste Management Program (pp. 173-228)].
United Nations Environment Programme. 1990. Environmental Guidelines for Handling, Treatment and Disposal of Hazardous Wastes. Environmental Management Guidelines, No. 18. Nairobi: UNEP.
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 2000. Handbook for Emergencies. 2nd Edition. UNHCR.
www.fema.gov/library/biz2.htm
VI. PROPERTY PROTECTION IN EMERGENCY/DISASTER SITUATIONS
American Society for Industrial Security (ASIS). 1994. Emergency Planning Handbook. [ See especially Appendix C: Major Planning Considerations (Read and reflect upon material on Communications, Alerting and Warning, Facility Shutdown, Evacuation and Shelter) and Appendix D: Scenario Development Guidance]
Bates, Regis J. "Bud". 1991. Disaster Recovery Planning: Networks, Telecommunications and
Data Communications. New York: McGraw-Hill. [Available in the library: Ids TK 5102.5 .B34]
Kunreuther, Howard and Louis Miller. 1985. "Insurance Versus Disaster Relief: An Analysis of Interactive Modelling for Disaster Policy Planning," pp.147-154, in Public Administration Review, Vol. 45, Special Issue, January 1985. [A good discussion, based on an interactive decision support model (a WHIMS model), of the "trade-offs between insurance and disaster relief"; and a good example of scenario development and strategy formulation]
Lindgren, Gary F. 1983. Guide to Managing Industrial Hazardous Waste. Boston: Butterworths (Ann Arbor Science Imprint) [See Section 1: Basics (pp. 3-50); and Section 4: Selected Considerations in Implementing a Hazardous Waste Management Program (pp. 173-228)].
Stroup, Richard and Jane Shaw. 1996?. "How Free Markets Protect the Environment." [Available at: http://www.heartland.org/earthday96/freemkts.htm]
United Nations Environment Programme. 1990. Environmental Guidelines for Handling, Treatment and Disposal of Hazardous Wastes. Environmental Management Guidelines, No. 18. Nairobi: UNEP.
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 2000. Handbook for Emergencies. 2nd Edition. UNHCR.
www.fema.gov/library/biz2.htm
VII. VULNERABILITY AND RESILIENCE
American Society for Industrial Security (ASIS). 1994. Emergency Planning Handbook. [See pp. 59-68, focusing on Recovery Operations.]
Blaikie, Piers, Terry Cannon, Ian Davis and Ben Wisner. 1994. At Risk: Natural Hazards,
People's Vulnerability, and Disasters. London: Routledge.
ICRC. 2001. Psychological Support: Best Practices from Red Cross and Red Crescent
Programmes.
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 2000. Handbook for Emergencies. 2nd Edition. UNHCR. [See especially pp.100-105, 106 and 123-125]
IRCRCM. Red Cross, Red Crescent Magazine [Available online at www.redcross.int]
www.fema.gov/library/bizindex.htm
www.fema.gov/images/vulanal.gif
VIII. COMMUNITY OUTREACH
Africa Watch. 1993. Landmines in Angola. New York: Human Rights Watch. [Includes: History of conflict in Angola, the technical side of minelaying, the human and socio-economic impact, mine clearance efforts, and landmines in international law.]
Buckle, Philip. 1999. "Redefining Community and Vulnerability in the Context of Emergency Management" (pp. 21-26), The Australian Journal of Emergency Management, Vol. 13, No. 4, summer 1999.
Gottlieb, Gregory C. 1996. "Transition From Relief to Rehabilitation: Lessons Learned and the Role of Capacity Building." Nairobi: USAID/REDSO/ESA. (December 1996)
Kasperson, Roger E. and K. David Pijawka. 1985. "Societal Response to Hazards and Major Hazard Events: Comparing Natural and Technological Hazards," pp. 7-18, in Public Administration Review, Vol. 45, Special Issue, January 1985. [Has interesting discussion on The Therapeutic Community]
Stallings, Robert A. and E.L. Quarantelli. 1985. "Emergent Citizen Groups and Emergency Management," pp. 93-100, in Public Administration Review, Vol. 45, Special Issue, January 1985.
www.fema.gov/library/biz2.htm
IX. APPROACHES TO DISASTER/EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT: OTHER CASE-STUDIES AND COMPARISONS
Africa Watch. 1993. Landmines in Angola. New York: Human Rights Watch.
ICRC - International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) [Contact: Website: www.icrc.org; Postal Address: ICRC, 19 Avenue de la PÃ ix, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland.].
IRCRCM. Red Cross, Red Crescent Magazine [Available online at www.redcross.int]
IFRCRCS - International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies [Contact:
Website: www.ifrc.org; Postal Address: IFRCRCS, P.O. Box 372, CH-1211 Geneva 19, Switzerland.].
Kenya Red Cross Society [Contacts: Telephone: (254-2)503 789/503816/603593; Fax: (254-2)
603589; Mobile: 0722-206958, 0733-333040; E-mail: info@kenyaredcross.org; Website: www. kenyaredcross.org; Postal Address: P.O. Box 40712, 00100-GPO, Nairobi, Kenya]
Lindgren, Gary F. 1983. Guide to Managing Industrial Hazardous Waste. Boston: Butterworths [See Section 1: Basics (pp. 3-50); Section 4: Selected Considerations in Implementing a Hazardous Waste Management Program (pp. 173-228)].
Republic of Kenya. 1998. National Guidelines for Health Workers: Diagnosis, Treatment & Prevention of Malaria. Nairobi: Ministry of Health.
Republic of Kenya. 1998. Nairobi Bomb Blast Report. Nairobi: GOK (24 pp.)
www.fema.gov/library/biz2.htm
www.fema.gov/r-n-r/conplan/conplan1.htm [Has useful material on CONPLAN]
___________________________________________
Other Internet Resources:
– Wikipedia
– www.drj.com [Disaster Recovery Journal]
– encarta.msn.com
– www.fema.gov
– www.heartland.org
– www.ncpa.org
– www.unisdr.org [UN Secretariat for the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction]
– Use a Search Engine, such as Google, to look for material on any disaster-related or management-related concept of interest to you, and check what you get from WWW
– Also search for relevant articles in E-Journals.
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